Objective To evaluate clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with advanced heart failure receiving intravenous continuous dobutamine in the FIRST Trial (Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial). Methods Four hundred seventy-one patients with class IIIb to IV heart failure who were enrolled in the FIRST trial were included. Eighty patients treated with dobutamine at FIRST randomization were compared with 391 patients not treated with dobutamine at randomization. The occurrence of worsening heart failure, need for vasoactive medications, resuscitated cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, and total mortality were compared between the 2 groups. Results The dobutamine group had a higher occurrence of first event (85.3% vs 64.5%; P = .0006) and a higher mortality rate (70.5% vs 37.1%; P = .0001) compared with the no dobutamine group. Intravenous continuous dobutamine was an independent risk factor for death after adjusting for baseline differences. Conclusions Dobutamine use at the time of randomization was associated with a higher 6-month mortality rate. This effect persisted after adjustment for baseline differences. This analysis challenges the concept that continuous intravenous dobutamine is beneficial to advanced heart failure patients with respect to survival. (Am Heart J 1999;138:78-86.)