Allergy involves eosinophilia and Th2 polarization. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO)-catalyzed conversion of tryptophan to kynurenines (KYN) regulates T cell function. We show that human eosinophils constitutively express IDO. Eosinophils treated with IFN-γ showed an 8-fold increase in IDO mRNA within 4 h; IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF had no effect on baseline IDO expression. IL-3 pretreatment of eosinophils reduced IFN-γ-induced IDO mRNA expression below baseline. Conversely, GM-CSF, but not IL-5, resulted in a 2-fold increase in IFN-γ-induced IDO. Treatment with IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF, or IFN-γ alone expressed IDO enzymatic activity (the presence of KYN in supernatants 48 h postculture). CD28 cross-linking resulted in measurable KYN in culture supernatants, inhibitable by a neutralizing anti-IFN-γ. Coculture of eosinophils with an IFN-γ-producing T cell line, but not IL-4-producing T cell clone, led to apoptosis and inhibition of CD3 or CD3/CD28-induced proliferation. Eosinophils infiltrating asthmatic lung and associated lymphoid tissue exhibited intracellular IDO immunoreactivity. Eosinophils may, therefore, maintain Th2 bias through IDO.